Microfinance for Poverty Reduction Essay

Presentation Microfinance isn't something new in Malaysia. It has been worked by credit associations, co-usable banks and concentrated credit windows of banks. Microfinance administrations of money related credit go for about RM10,000 (USD2,631) and for the most part to back private ventures, agrarian advances and advances for neediness decrease. Microfinance program in Malaysia has been executed since 1987 as one of the neediness destruction systems in the nation. There are three enormous microfinance establishments in Malaysia to be specific AIM, YUM and TEKUN that focused to various gatherings of individuals. Every one of the microfinance establishment has its own loaning frameworks and has been financed by the legislature since their reality. Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), gathering of trust to the Bumiputera and Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC) are a portion of the pioneers to acquaint microfinance advances with its borrowers. The provincial credit foundations including Agriculture Bank of Malaysia (BPM), Farmers Organization Authority (LPP), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), and agro-based Co-usable Societies give miniaturized scale credit to the agribusiness areas. There are various non-government associations (NGOs) that occupied with microfinance. These incorporate Yayasan Usaha Maju working in Sabah, Koperasi Kredit Rakyat in Selangor and the best and essentially known microfinance establishment (MFI) is Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM). Foundation of the investigation This examination research about microfinance and its methodology to diminish the destitution among Malaysia’s resident. Microfinance was presented in Malaysia during the most recent three decades. Two kinds of establishments to be specific financial foundations and non-bank organizations offer microfinance programs. Banking foundations that offer microfinance items are Public Bank, AM Bank, EONCAP Islamic Bank, CIMB Bank, Alliance Bank, United Overseas Bank, Bank Simpanan Nasional, Agro Bank and Bank Rakyat. The issue of destitution has been a significant worry to numerous countries, especially the creating nations. Destitution has been characterized as a circumstance where a populace or an area of the populace can meet just its uncovered means, the basics of food, dress and haven, so as to keep up a base way of life (Balogun, 1999). Low efficiency and ineffectively working markets for agrarian yields are among the reasons for destitution as showed in the government’s neediness decrease methodology paper. Little scope ranchers depend on simple strategies and innovation and they have restricted aptitudes and sources of info, for example, improved seeds that would build yields. Country destitution in Malaysia Exceptional advancement has been accomplished in destitution destruction in Malaysia. In the mid 1970’s practically 50% of family units were named poor while in 1997 the occurrence of neediness had essentially declined to 6.1% However, the emergency brought a slight upward swing at 8.1% in 1998. Endeavors by the Malaysian government to counter the impacts of the emergency bore positive outcomes when the occurrence of destitution was diminished to 7.5% in 1999. By 2005, the frequency of destitution was focused to decrease further to 0.5% (Abdul Rahman Hasan and Sa’idah Hashim, 2001). Neediness is both a social and a financial issue. Killing destitution from society is everyone’s dream except as a general rule it is still around even in monetarily created nations. Governments have obligations to kill the destitution or, at any rate lessen neediness rates. Indeed, neediness decrease is everyone’s social obligation. This is noteworthy on the grounds that Malaysia is moving towards an industrialized economy and beginning to appreciate monetary development yet there are still such a significant number of individuals who are under the destitution line. Meaning of terms 1. Microfinance Microfinance is an arrangement of a wide scope of money related administrations, for example, investment funds, credit, protection and installment administrations to poor people or low-salary bunch who are avoided from the ordinary financial areas (Ledgerwood, 1999). While, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) characterized microfinance as the arrangement of little advances/financing running from RM1,000 up to RM50,000 (USD16,129) to microenterprises or independently employed people, for their business exercises. Microfinancing is intended for business financing just, for example, for working capital and for capital use. It's anything but an individual advance. Microfinance is characterized as the arrangement of monetary administrations to low-pay customers, including shoppers and the independently employed, who customarily need access to banking and related administrations (Gonzalez-Vega, 2008). Microfinance is a spot for poor people and close to helpless customers to gain admittance to a gre at budgetary assistance, which incorporate acknowledge as well as investment funds, protection and store move. Nonetheless, Conroy (2002) expressed that microfinance is the arrangement of an expansive scope of budgetary administrations, for example, stores, advances, installment administrations, cash moves, and protection to poor and low-salary families and their small scale endeavors. The term developed from the ideas of â€Å"microcredit† and â€Å"microenterprise† financing, to incorporate the significance of investment funds just as getting. Despite the fact that the terms are utilized conversely, microfinance speaks to the field all in all, while the other two terms are progressively specialized and allude just to credit arrangement (Maria, 2004). The World Bank characterizes microfinance as â€Å"†¦. Little scope money related administrations †basically credit and reserve funds †gave to individuals who ranch or fish and who work little endeavors or microenterprises where merchandise are created, reused, fixed, or sold; who offer types of assistance; who work for wages or commissions; who gain salary from leasing modest quantities of land, vehicles, draft animals, or hardware and instruments; and to others and gatherings at the neighborhood levels of creating nations, both provincial and urban† (Robinson, 2001). Microfinance exercises ordinarily include giving little credits to clients for working capital, bunch ensures, obligatory reserve funds, protection and access to rehash advances for a bigger sum dependent on reimbursement execution. 2. Destitution A state or condition where an individual or network does not have the monetary assets and fundamentals to appreciate a base standard of life and prosperity that’s thought about adequate in the public arena. As indicated by Carlton G. Davis (1977), â€Å"the word neediness has accepted a variety of implications at various occasions and places. In addition, the term currently has various implications for various people even inside a similar scholastic discipline.† For Marshall (1998), neediness is â€Å"a state in which assets, normally materials yet now and again social, are inadequate. It isn't unexpected to recognize total and relative meanings of neediness. Neediness characterized in outright terms alludes to a state where the individual does not have the assets fundamental for means. Relative definitions, every now and again preferred by sociologists, allude to the individual’s or group’s absence of assets when contrasted and that of different individu als from the society†¦in different words their general standard of living.† The reasons for neediness are once in a while highlighted zones where business foundations are not effective and the poor rely upon help from government and offices. Issue STATEMENT Destitution is an unforgiving and undesired marvel in humanity. Decreasing, if conceivable annihilating neediness is undeniable. In this way, microfinance programs have been considered as one of the principle instruments in neediness decrease in ongoing improvement plan. It has been seen that microfinance assume a significant job to the financial turn of events and lightening neediness. Provincial banks and miniaturized scale account organizations were set up in light of the need and the interest to make institutional credit and banking administrations accessible to little scope ranchers and rustic business visionaries. Microfinance organizations were made to work utilizing nearby activities and neighborhood pledge to activate assets locally and to loan them to meriting clients utilizing improved strategies and qualification standards. In any case, microfinance establishments are confronted with bunches of issues of sparing assembly, and usage of assets. For example there is absence of information in hazard the board, long strategies getting to assets and others. As indicated by David Hulme, microfinance has become an inexorably significant part of methodologies to diminish neediness. In any case, information about the accomplishments of such activities stays challenged. While a few analysts contended that microfinance has positive monetary and social effect on poor people, others caution of its pessimistic effects on poor people. Still others in the center fight that microfinance in reality has a positive effect, however not on the least fortunate, with no guarantees so regularly asserted. Consequently, this examination, is to investigation and perceive how microfinance is utilized as a successful neediness decrease system in Malaysia. Target OF THE STUDY The fundamental goal of the investigation is to analyze the effect of microfinance in destitution decrease in Malaysia. The particular goals are to: 1. Discover the job of microfinance in destitution mitigation or decrease. 2. To show how microfinance functions, by utilizing bunch loaning approach for lessening destitution 3. To discover the effect of microfinance on neediness decrease 4. To look at the difficulties or hindrances to credit conveyance by microfinance organizations. 5. To utilize the administrations/results of microfinance with great. Exploration questions The controlling examination question is ‘to what degree and in what direction microfinance administrations of the two cases can prompt neediness decrease in Malaysia?’ Based on this managing question, it is trusted that the investigation will respond to the accompanying explicit inquiries: 1. What are the role(s) of microfinance in neediness easing or decrease in the nation? 2. What is the adequacy of microfinance foundations in the

The History and Importance of Civil Engineering Essay Example For Students

The History and Importance of Civil Engineering Essay Anon, a productive author, once composed, †I am an Engineer, I serve humanity, by making dreams come true†(Bennett). Architects make dreams work out by making wonderful structures that stun even the most unreasonable individuals. The difficult work and devotion of specialists can be effectively observed by opening a window and review the structures that decorate the earth. The structures that structural architects plan and assemble characterize the way of life of a general public and help to stay up with a continually evolving world. Scaffolds, thruways, drinking water-only a couple of necessities to the advanced world, made conceivable by engineers from the beginning of time, explicitly respectful specialists. Following back to 4000 BC, polite building has changed the ways of life of the total populace. In antiquated occasions gifted specialists got craftsmans completed most development. These craftsmans achieved their designing accomplishments by the utilization of just difficult work. Without the utilization of the specific hardware utilized today, straightforward undertakings could take up to years to wrap up. In spite of the fact that work time was extraordinary, the decided architects never stopped to make the structures that characterized the substance of their general public. The Pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China are extraordinary instances of accomplishments by engineers that represent the core of their human advancements. The Roman architects assume a basic job in the soundness of their kin with the improvement of water systems, scaffolds, and dams. Every domain from the beginning of time give today’s world a basic structure that help the advanced world to endure (Stonecyper). We will compose a custom paper on The History and Importance of Civil Engineering explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Structural architects today perform obligations in arranging, planning, and managing development of structures, structures, and offices, for example, streets, railways, air terminals, spans, harbors, dams, water system, pipelines, power plants, water and sewage frameworks, and waste removal units. These architects manage anything from plants and creatures to apparatuses and hardware (CareerZone). Training is fundamental for turning into a generously compensated and utilized structural specialist, so school is an unquestionable requirement. Esteemed schools around the country have furnished themselves with incredible building programs . Hopeful designers need have at any rate normal scores in math and material science (Basta). After school, youthful architects regularly head out abroad to improve water asset advancement and configuration working to shield locals from common risks (Cortese). The work that structural architects can do while working abroad demonstrates the devotion to advancement for the benefit of everyone and showcases the altruistic methods of a structural designer. The designing field when all is said in done holds an incredible employment viewpoint for what's to come. As indicated by an article in CNN Money, structural designing is positioned #4 in the â€Å"Best occupations for quick growth†. James Hall, a practiced structural architect in Austin, Texas, depicts the development potential as â€Å"extraordinary†. Corridor additionally has many empowering words toward the â€Å"green building movement† or the utilization of building materials that give the littlest impression conceivable on the earth (Hall). The advantages of any specialist must be the compensation. Beginning with a normal base pay of more than $50,000, engineers do well overall and, contingent upon rank, make up to $125,000 . Lobby portrays structural building in the â€Å"mid-high range. . . Other building disciplines are at the highest point of the scale, yet affable designing compensation isn't far behind.† Benefits gotten from an enormous organization representative incorporate medicinal services with dental and vision inclusion, a 401K arrangement, and investment opportunities. The organization may likewise incorporate an organization vehicle to make a trip to locales of development and may even compensation for various dinners with customers (CNN Money). Alongside pay and advantages, this kind of profession can carry gigantic fulfillment to the person. ï ¿ ¼(â€Å"Project Partners†) The life of a structural specialist can turn into an unpleasant, yet satisfying, way of life. Working late to comply with time constraints, managing masses of laborers, and piles of desk work: these are a couple of the drawbacks to a vocation in designing. Innovative command over the turn of events. Corridor appreciates the â€Å"special gathering of architects and experts works with everyday† and the new and energizing ventures. He recognizes the â€Å"constant adjusting act† of building, not as a drawback to the profession, however a test. .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c , .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .postImageUrl , .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c , .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:hover , .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:visited , .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:active { border:0!important; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:active , .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f05 2e11e218c3d0e2c .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0d98839b6a4ca6f052e11e218c3d0e2c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: American Religious Movements EssayCivil engineers make dreams work out. The astounding, gravity-opposing, structures that structural architects configuration places me in wonderment. Before inquiring about this vocation, the idea of building raised considerations of weariness and depressingness. I was unable to have been all the more off-base. I found while examining building that an extraordinary test anticipates the yearning engineer. I can say, presently, that this vocation looks encouraging for me. Concentrating more on the structure and compositional parts of the activity, this vocation could turn into my future. Never needing to agree to an existence of average quality, I can live with a profession where I can take a view at the most breathtaking extension on the planet, or pass by the tallest structure at any point made, and saying, â€Å"I manufactured that.† Works Cited Basta, Nicholas. Openings in Engineering Careers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 151-161. Print. Bennett, Richard, Price, Rob, et al. Building Quotes. UK Civil Engineering Limited, Online Presenting on Info 4 Engineering. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. CareerZone.Civil Engineers. New York State Department of Labor, 20 Feb 2009 . Web. CNN Money. Dickler, Jessica, Lee Anne C., and Swiatek Greg. Best occupations for quick development. (2011): n.pag.. Web. 23 Jan 2012. Cortese, Anthony. The Role of Engineers in Creating an Environmentally Sustainable Future. (1998): n. page. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. Corridor, James. Email Interview. 25-1-2012. Venture Partners. Compensation Range for Civil Engineering .. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Jan 2012. Stonecyper, Lamar. History of Civil Engineering. 3 February 2011: n. page. Web. 23 Jan. 2012.

International business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global business procedure - Essay Example Nonetheless, Anthony Salim and his official authority bunch accept that being adaptable to these eccentric and changing elements of global culture and business rivalry is the way to progress. Bartlett, Ghoshal and Beamish (2008) recognize the idea of the organized alliance, which is basically a mixture of prior center rules that have discovered business accomplishment at the headquartered focus of the organization and afterward disseminated similarly across global limits. The Salim Group accepts the guidance of Bartlett et al. in not taking this fairly useless circulation of center standards and afterward compelling them all through the transnational condition and the business’ various enterprises. Rather, Salim prompts on being versatile to changing economic situations. This adaptability is a triumph factor to be progressively receptive to the outside market condition. For instance, the Salim Group confronted open reaction with saw debasement from the Indonesian government be tween the Salim Group about its speculation banking rehearses (Dieleman, 2006) for stripping 107 distinct resources for the Indonesian government. ... Despite the fact that this is just a single situation that happened with the Salim Group, it demonstrates that provincial government and other affecting bodies in the administrative condition keep on changing the inner elements of how the business is worked or potentially stripped. This is the reason Salim keeps on voyaging, by and by, to various areas of the world to increase a comprehension of what is driving administrative powers or social powers in key development advertises or existing markets so the business can be organized as needs be or new techniques created dependent on essential information look into examination. This sort of adaptability by taking a proactive remain to administration and research is a key achievement dynamic. Since more than one legitimate reason for tasks drives this transnational organization, such adaptability is an indicator of future accomplishment by completely understanding the powers that will hinder business achievement or improve its serious or advertising position. Anthony Salim is likewise open to being drawn nearer by new speculators from various locales of the world so as to take advantage of lucky breaks to grow the business or put it into a superior money related situation as time goes on. Salim completely perceives the qualities and shortcomings of the firm, for example, his sign that the gathering isn't conversant in mechanical ability, in this way not having a mentality of predominance in any one division that probably won't be upheld by genuine business real factors. Salim depends on collaborations created from gained organizations or other key exercises including an auxiliary business and permits the firm to profit by these qualities through securing. From various perspectives, the contextual analysis fortifies that Anthony Salim is progressively centered around buyer relationship the executives and the promoting standards for

Racial Discrimination and its Solution in USA Term Paper - 2200 Words

Racial Discrimination and its Solution in USA Term Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: A. I am having some trouble finding a definite thesis statement. I understand that you are discussing racial discrimination, but specifically what point are you arguing? I am assuming how it can be resolved.B. You have included a lot of supporting details that show that racism does exist today. Your supporting statements are appropriate and valid.C. Your arguments are valid, but could be stated a little earlier in your writing.D. I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t notice that you have clearly submitted opposing views. I believe a reference to "hate groups" and the damage they do would be beneficial.E. As mentioned above, I think here too mentioning hate groups would bring an additional element of understanding to your readers.F. I do not find any flawed reasoning within your draft.G. Your writing is mostly well organized. However, I would like to see your view earlier in the draft. I felt like I was reading a lot before I knew your view on the subject.Correc tionA. I changed the thesis statement to read more understandable to the reader. I.e. The thesis statement is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬to determine the solution to the menace of racial discrimination in that affects a larger population in the USA.''B. I added an opposing view in the paper to make at least neutral.Nasser AlturaikiProfessor; John HansenComposition ENGL111-01I-I17/30/2016IntroductionRacial discrimination is the segregation and separation on the basis of the color of the skin. This may in the USA and the world at large be the races i.e. Blacks, Whites, Indians among others. The racial discrimination in the country as the other countries seems to be more of the blacks and the whites. The USA is not the only country affected by the racial discrimination, but it is among the other countries in the parts of the world where racial discrimination is rampant. Almost each country that has different races has some reported cases of racial discrimination the only differenc e is the rate at which it occurs.The whites and the blacks in the USA are well known to be attacking each other by racial discrimination day in day out. Some states may report more than 100 cases of racial discrimination in a month. The fact is that there is no state in the USA that can be said to be free from racial discrimination. States have the races that are; the blacks and the whites who live together in the same state. This makes them develop some enmity among them (Oxford UP, 1982).The whites sometimes have been regarded as the first class citizen who has the same motive to be of high value than another citizen. This can be traced back in the years before the world wars and before where the people of color i.e. the blacks came after the whites in all the good and benefiting issues. In some social places, it is not a wonder to get them written some notices that are intended to make the blacks or other color people to get to these places. The places are only meant for the whit es while still, other places can be the only people who can visit are the blacks only.In other continents like Europe, racial discrimination is something that is also experienced all day in the countries. Cases of racial discrimination in the countries in the Europe are at the highest rate. The majority in the continent are the whites who are always seen to discriminate against the blacks and other races that are not white. In Africa, the case is a reverse of the Europe and the USA in that the blacks are more and dominate the whole continent therefore giving them an upper hand to the other races and therefore discriminating against them. But the fact is that any continent has a larger population of race than the others that it can racially discriminate the other. The thesis statement is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬to determine the solution to the menace of racial discrimination in that affects a larger population in the USA.''Strict Rules against Racial DiscriminationThe racial discri mination in the country has grown too much strong and have taken long to develop. This makes the country have some long term and strong plans to kill the menace if one day it will succeed. Though the government of the USA has made it clear that all races are equal in the eyes of the law in the constitution. It should, therefore, be realized that rules are not to the later, and they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t have total control of the menace. This is because racial discrimination is still a disease that is eating in the USA.The rules should be set clear, and some harsh sentences and penalties are added to them. This may also include the hugging sentence for extreme cases. The Congress has to add some strict rules that will govern racial discrimination. This will make sure that the racial discriminators fear the menace. The rules after being set should be enforced to the later to see that all the bodies that are the police and the judicially donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t make use of the chance to discriminat e too but they should be watched to see racial discrimination is fully done away with in the USA (Cambridge UP, 1996).Civil EducationThis is the use of the basic and the common knowledge to make people and the citizens of the USA get the understanding of the menace and be involved in the control of it. Every citizen should be taught to make them know that racial discrimination is an enemy of the country growth at large. The economic, financial, cultural and social growth can only occur if there is no racial discrimination in the country. The education should be added in the school syllabus to make all the growing generation know about the racial discrimination and their effect on the society.The other form of education should be to the adults who should be taught in the churches seminars and any other gathering for everyone to know that racial discrimination is cancer to the country. This will create a sense of thought for everyone to take racial discrimination so serious and try al l they can to control and run away from it. This will contribute gradually to the ending of the disease of racial discrimination in the country.Enhancing Equality in the CountryEvery citizen is an equal part before the eyes of and as defined in the constitutions of all the countries. No constitution of any country has defined the citizen as first class or second class citizen. The USA being part of the world has no choice than to make an equal treatment to each citizen. It should, therefore, be treated as that that all the citizens are equal before the law and should be well spelled in the Constitution. The USA has to set some rules that promote and show all the signs of equality in the world (New York: Basic, 2002).The law should treat all the citizen as equal parties before the law. This will make equal justice to be administered all over to every citizen. It has been known that the police and the other bodies that ensure that laws are followed should have this in their hands. The judiciary has also been known to have taken sides for different cases whenever they exist. This has been too rampant in the USA where the unequal justice has been seen to exist when deciding cases. It has contributed to the main racial discrimination where the biased race believes that there cannot be justice in administering the law.My PositionI am a USA citizen who believes in total justice and equal treatment in the country. The Constitution being the law book for the whole country should not just be a book or a combination of writings but mainly should be put in practice. The laws should be used to make the changes in the country. All the laws that govern the racial discrimination should be made strong and the repercussion upon breaking be made too harsh to make the racial discriminators follow the law and avoid racial discrimination (U of Chicago, 1999).The racial discriminators should have separate courts that will rule on their issues as fast as they appear in the court. Thi s will also include tough judgment to anybody who has done any wrong on the issue of racial discrimination. I believe that the cures to racial discrimination are just two. The first is to have the Americans have a civil education knowledge on racial discrimination. The education will make sure that all the citizens of the USA understand the impact of racial discrimination and have them see the physical examples.Secondly, there should be some strict rules that govern the racial discrimination to make sure no one is likely to take the issue of racial discrimination such simple. The racial discriminators should have the total harassment for the wrong they do all days long. It should, therefore, be noted...

A Brave New World America Land Of The Free And Home

A brave new world America land of the free and home of the brave or at least that’s what we’re raised to think. The suppression of civil liberties has lingered amongst us since the birth of this nation. To resolve this problem, the federal government is known to introduce legislation in order to balance equality in society. Since companies are bound to the law of the land, they must comply with all rules and regulations but often, largely successful companies will go above and beyond meeting the standard by listening to public opinion. It is often a choice for companies however, to decide which is the best opinion to follow. As a nation we once were in full swing in support of civil liberties but in light of recent events, (such as the†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, King s dream has not been fully realized and much of the nation still judge one another on surface grounds such as skin color, religion, and more specifically sexuality and gender. Companies, schools and busines s across the country can help alleviate this issue. Since media has a large impact on the way gender identities are constructed, perhaps companies can televise the inclusion of people who do not fit the general social norm. In fact companies are just starting to initiate in this practice. One recent example can be seen in the new Disney movie, Beauty and the Beast, where a cast member is portrayed as an openly gay character or Amazons streaming release of Transparent, about a Transgender Mother. No law states that film cinema must be this inclusive in their productions, yet Disney decided to promote the civil liberties of others through their inclusion and did so successfully. Disney did obtain some criticism from this action however it has also obtained praise from progressive communities. 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Cultural Diversity And Tolerance Through Our Television...

Josh Obrien Canadian Studies 339 UCID #00278635 In Canada there is a strong reflection of our cultural diversity and tolerance through our television shows, as they have the ability to use the humour of realistic narratives and social dynamics to highlight social equality and intercultural balance. A recent show that did this was Canadian television show Little Mosque on the Prairie, created by Zarqa Nawaz through WestWind Pictures. It was filmed in Toronto Ontario and a small community named Indian Head Saskatewan. The show aired in 2007, but was then rebroadcast to other countries including parts of Africa, Israel and Gaza strip (Macdonald 2012). Zarqa Nawaz based much of the show on her personal experiences, and many of the characters are partially inspired by her family and friends. Nawaz claims that the nature of the show is not necessarily a satire, rather she states: Little Mosque on the Prairie is a sit-com and not a political satire. I want people to find the hilarity in the show and recognize the similar issues that appear in all our lives. It’s important to normalize the community within the greater community so as not to be seen as the ‘other’ but to recognize that we all have universal themes which exist in all communities. I simply want people to laugh with Muslims like they would laugh at anyone else and feel comfortable doing so† (Oumlil 2012: 2000). Each episode of the series lasts approximately 22 minutes and follows a conventional Story-line. The show

Sociolinguistic and Comparative Perspective †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Sociolinguistic and Comparative Perspective. Answer: Introduction Codification of the English language refers to the writing down of the English language in dictionaries and grammar books for the first time. Codification of English language is also identified as standardization. The process of codification occurred majorly in the 18th century (Hitchings, 2005). The commissioning of dictionaries relates to the authority that various groups had in the standardization of the English language. Authority was manifested on the grammarians and lexicographers (Lynch, 2002). The paper will also entail how words are able to be included in the dictionary, for example, the Oxford dictionary. Lastly, the prescription and the descriptive accounts of the dictionary will be looked into highlighting the shortcomings of the prescription account. The codification process was notable in the 17th and the 18th century. Dyce and Pardon published the first ever dictionary that emphasized on grammar that was known as New general English dictionary in 1735 (Quirk, 2010).The dictionary had an emphasis on jargons, correctness, and pronunciation. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published a dictionary by the name of Dictionary of the English Language that stood out amongst the other dictionaries and thus formed standards for other developers situated in America and England (Nevalainen, 2014). Before the publishing of the dictionary, the grammarians had authority over the language, but after the standardization by Johnson, a revolution occurred where the lexicographers took over the authority. During the reign of the grammarians in the 17th century, grammar books and dictionaries were characterized by primitive synonyms that aided in the translation of the international languages. At this time, the lexicographers had not yet showcased their ability. In the grammar books, they corresponded with the lexicographers style that was not limited to showcasing of the pronunciations, etymology, and examples of the usage of the words. In the 18th century, the authority concerning policies in the English language shifted drastically to the lexicographers. On the other hand, the grammarians maintained their efforts on grammar other than developing an all-encompassing dictionary like Johnson's. Johnsons dictionary encompassed all the features of the grammarians and those of the lexicographers that were not short of examples of the usage of words, correct spellings and use of quotations (Hitchings, 2005). In the 18th century, there was the effect of vernacular that reduced the demand for grammar textbooks and dictionaries became more paramount. In addition, features of the dictionaries advanced with an inclusion of parts of speech. Grammarians attempted to retain their authority through dictionaries through adding features in grammar books which included poetry and rhetoric styles. Due to the competition between the two groups during this time, the lexicographers were in to distinguish themselves through improving the appearance of their dictionaries to the form that they are today that is the incorporating of pictures (De Maria,1986). The fact that the lexicographers were conversant with linguistic changes and the history of English, they responded promptly to the needs that arose, contrary to the grammarians that were static in their teachings and publications. With the enthusiasm of the lexicographers, the dictionaries are what they are today. The reasons why dictionaries were commissioned To begin with, the commissioning of the dictionaries was for the purpose of stabilizing the policies of the English language. Secondly, there was the need to reduce confusion amongst the readers through bestowing authority of publishing of dictionaries by specific individuals that had expertise in the field of linguistics (Deignan, 2015). The fact that the English language was changing called for the prompt inclusion of the dynamics of the language in the dictionary and thus there was the need to have someone or a group of individuals that would ensure that the changes were made with utmost urgency. The publication of the dictionaries together with the grammar books was increasing at the time, with a lot of authors emerging day in day out. There was the call to commission the dictionary so that any errors in terms of pronunciations, spellings or usage could be corrected so that the words that were in the dictionary were accurate in all dimensions (Gupta, MacLean, Heer and Manning, 2014). In addition, English was a language that was used in much diversity and as such, it was highly valued. The dictionary was the domicile of the English language and thusly it had to be safeguarded to preserve the greatness of the assorted language (Reddick, 1990). Collectively with this, is the fact that the English language had been popular, and thus the commissioning of the dictionary was for the intention of instigating the widespread use of the dictionary as a reference point .To make the dictionary popular, the authors that were given the authority had to incorporate words that were related to the lives of the readers into the dictionary. Nevertheless, with the continued use of the language, the needs of the readers transformed and hence it was necessary to consider and encompass individual expectations into the dictionary. The authors were to develop dictionaries that had etymologies, pronunciations, and accents for them to be generally accepted by the readers (Ferber, 2017). Lastly, there were other reasons such as the maintaining the purity of the dictionary and ensuring longevity of its use by readers. Criteria used for including words in the dictionary To begin with, the developers of the dictionaries research the context in which new words are being used by a large number of individuals. The words can be accessed on the internet sites, newspapers, journals or communities just to mention a few. When the real use or meaning of the word is arrived at then it can be incorporated in the dictionary (Shuttleworth and Cowie, 2014). Most of the authors of the dictionary engage in continuous reading and extract words used in different contexts from diverse writings. The extracted word is marked and placed in searchable computer systems. The next step includes synthesizing of a citation, that incorporates the bibliography details, the word extracted and the context or applicability of the word. In the case that the word/phrase becomes a citation, it is in for an audit. For the word/phrase to be part of a dictionary, the authors must verify that the word has been cited severally so as to be certain that it is popular (Nation, 2013). However, the citations must be able to bring out the meaning of the word(s) as it was first identified. If the word or the phrase is commonly cited with a uniform meaning then the word is included in the dictionary. Moreover, there are cases where words already exist in the dictionary, but with the changing world, the words gain new meanings, for instance, the meaning of cookie has since changed with the emergence of the internet. Such words are catered for through the adding of the meaning of the words in the dictionary. Lastly, a word can be included in a dictionary if the word is most likely to be popular over time (Koplenig, 2014). It can be stated that a dictionary can be rated in terms of its prescriptive and descriptive tendencies. The most common account is the descriptive account. It is so due to the sensitivity of the readers towards a language that is less commanding. A dictionary can be said to be prescriptive when it sets rules on what is right or wrong. A dictionary is widely used and thus it may be uncomfortable for the culture or norms of a certain group of individuals to be imposed on all the users (Beal, 2014). Such a dictionary can be said to be prescriptive and thus this version is not commonly used today. The prescriptive dictionary tended to bring about so many errors that left many of the readers confused and agitated on the placement of the words. The most common prescriptive dictionary was the Websters version. In addition, a dictionary can be categorized as prescriptive if it is static and hence not incorporating the dynamics of the English language and the styles that change every day. In the case that a dictionary identifies the meaning of words as either slang, archaic or not of standard then it appreciates the prescriptive account of English (Adams, 2015). On the other hand, the descriptive account of the dictionary is characterized by identification of the meaning of words as standard. The descriptive account does not impose any regulations on the use of words. In addition, there are limited mistakes and disputes on how specific words are supposed to be used (Curzan, 2014). The descriptive account creates the image of it showing how the word is used but not how one is supposed to utilize it, a case that is contrary to the prescriptive account. With the descriptive account, the dictionary allows the users to freely relate the meaning of the words to their norms but not identifying the best norms for them. Conclusion The history of the dictionary is imperative in the formulating of viable decisions in the developing of dictionaries today. The codification process is only meaningful if the included words are those that impact the whole society. It is impulsive to bestow authority in developing dictionaries to some individuals so that the dictionary can always be standardized. Lastly, the descriptive account of the dictionary should dictate the publication of most of the dictionaries given the limitations that the prescriptive account pose .Therefore, the English language will always remain unregulated. Bibliography Adams, M 2015, ' Language Ideologies and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Evidence from Motive, Structure, and Design. Dictionaries', Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America, vol 36, no. 1, pp. 17-46. Beal, J 2014, English in modern times, Routledge. Curzan, A 2014, Fixing English: Prescriptivism and language history, Cambridge University Press. De Maria, R. 1986, Johnsons Dictionary and the Language of Learning, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Deignan, A 2015, 'MIP, the corpus and dictionaries: What makes for the best metaphor analysis?', Metaphor and the Social World, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 145-154. Ferber, M 2017, A dictionary of literary symbols, Cambridge University Press. Gupta,S, MacLean, DL, Heer, J and Manning, CD 2014, 'Induced lexico-syntactic patterns improve information extraction from online medical forums', Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol 21, no. 5, pp. 902-909. Hitchings, H 2005, Defining the world: the extraordinary story of Dr. Johnsons Dictionary, 1st edn, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Koplenig, AMPAM-SC 2014, ' Dictionary users do look up frequent words. A log file analysis.', Using online dictionaries., pp. 229-250. Lynch, J 2002, Samuel Johnsons Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language, Walker and Co, New York. Nation, IS 2013, Learning Vocabulary in Another Language Google eBook, Cambridge University Press. Nevalainen, T 2014, ' Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English. Norms and usage in language history', A Sociolinguistic and comparative perspective, pp. 103-128. Quirk, R 2010, A comprehensive grammar of the English language, Pearson Education India. Reddick, A. 1990, The Making of Johnsons Dictionary 1746 1773, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Shuttleworth, M and Cowie, M 2014, Dictionary of translation studies, Routledge.